Christmas Card

Enjoy your christmas holiday, I wish you and your family are well, have happy new year and nice future.

Education

 Education is important every where around the world. it is the basis for development in all fields. This piece of writing will be focus on contrast, comparison for education system in the UK and Libya. There are some differences and similarities between UK and Libya in education system; for example, children go to nursery school in age three years old in both countries also not compulsory to attend to nursery. However, In the UK children compulsory attend to primary school in age five years old, while in Libya in six years old. Moreover, both the UK and Libya are similar for compulsory education is free of charge in comparison there are in the UK which has in education system three stages, with children moving from the first stage ( primary ) to the second stage ( secondary ) at around the age of eleven or twelve and the third ( tertiary ) stage is further education at university or college, while in Libya there are four stages, with children moving from the first stage ( primary ) to the ( secondary ) stage at age twelve and to the high school at age fifteen and fourth ( tertiary ) stage is further at university or college at  age eighteen. However, in the UK students should be pay fees for high education, in Libya do not, also different from the UK which has important exam is A level exam, Libya has the important exam which is final year of high school.

The Welsh Assembly Government

  Senedd is Government House

The Senedd is not just a building for Members. It is the main public building of the National Assembly, the main centre for democracy and devolution in Wales.  it is a public building. It is also a sustainable building, built of traditional Welsh materials such as slate and Welsh oak and other sustainable materials. It is also sustainable in the way it is heated; for example, the earth exchange system uses heat from the bottom of the old dock, on which the Senedd stands, before it became the area which is now Cardiff Bay. It is the symbol of the new nation that Wales has become.

 

The creation of the National Assembly for Wales in 1999 sparked a new era for Wales. For the first time, Welsh Ministers, based in Wales, could make policies and regulations, tailor-made for Wales and often distinct from those implemented elsewhere in the UK.

Since devolution, the Welsh Assembly Government has seen increases in its powers through legislation such as the Government of Wales Act 2006, which allows Welsh Ministers to make Welsh Laws (Assembly Measures).

Devolved government has had an impact on the lives of everyone in Wales. This includes improvements in our Public Services, better working partnerships with the private sector and greater support for the voluntary sector.

The Welsh Assembly Government consists of:

The First Minister

Welsh Ministers

The Counsel General 

Deputy Ministers.

First Minister who is the leader of the Welsh Assembly Government, which was established in 1999. When initially set up under the Government of Wales Act 1998, the title was known as First Secretary for Wales.

Welsh Ministers are cabinet which is the main decision-making body of the Welsh Assembly Government. It gives direction to the work of the whole organisation. It discusses matters which engage Ministers collectively, have strategic implications, or impact financially on their programme of work.

 The Counsel General  who is The chief legal adviser to the Welsh  Assembly Government.

Deputy Ministers who is Four Deputy Ministers have been appointed to exercise functions on behalf of Ministers in particular areas of work.

Government of the UK

There are two types of government in the UK: single party government or coalition government.

Single party

When there is general election, people vote for a person to be the MP for their constituency. A person who has the most votes wins, even if they have only one vote more than the next person. This system is called the first past the post system. When all the MPs are elected, the political party with most MPs forms the government and the leader of that party becomes Prime Minister (single party, all members of the goverment belong to the same political party ) .

Coalition government

When any party had not a majority of seats than all the other parties put together; in this situation two parties are negotiation for coalition government.

In the UK the Prime Minister has more power than the Queen. However, the Queen is, in practice, obliged to give the job of Prime Minister to the person who can command a majority in the House of Commons, an then the prime minister selects some MPs to become ministers, and they run  government department, there are normally a hundred members of the government.

The cabinet

The goverment is more limited. It refers only to the most powerful of these politicians. In addition, the leading politicians in the government party usually become members of the cabinet. there are usually about twenty people in the cabinet and most of them are the head of the government departments. Moreover, the cabinet meets once a week and takes decisions about new policies.

The civil service

People have more experience for policy and they get high salary also they have absolute job security. In addition, civil servants know the secrts of the previous government which the minister is unaware of.

Center and Local government

In Britain local government only have power because the central goverment has given them powers and the system of the local government is very similar to the system of national government. There are elected representatives, called councillors. Moreover, they meet in a council chamber in the Town Hall, where they make policy which is implemented by local government officers and local councils traditionally manage nearly all public services. In addition, local councils are allowed to collect one kind of tax called council tax.

Local government services

these services include public hygiene and environmental health inspection, the collecting of rubbish from outside people’s houses, cleaning, tiding all public places, public parks, playing field for sports and public libraries.

Government

  The House of Parliament.

The British parliament consists of House of Commons and the House of Lords.
The House of Commons is made up by the people who were voted in to represent their local area by individuals who live there. The men and women who from the House of Commons are called Members of Parliament ( MPs ) and each one represent a geographical area, called a constituency. There are 659 constituencies in the UK.

The House of Lords was once an assembly of hereditary aristocrats and landowners.
However, House of Lords are consists of people have title from Queen or they have high education, religion, sport.

Government:
 when there is general election, people vote for a person to be the MP for their constituency. The person wo has the most votes wins, even if they have only one vote more than the next person. This system is called the first past the post system. When al the MPs are elected, the political party with most MPs forms the government and the leader of that party becomes Prime Minister.

Gunpowder Plot



There are differences politic between catholic and protestant ,for who will be control the UK , because in 1605  james was king the UK , also he was protestant .Therefore, group of people ( catholic ) are want to kill a king.
Robert catesby was the leader of the group. Group were Robert Catesby and his cousin Thomas Wintour  and two other friends were Thomas Percy and John Wright. They joined with nine more men; among them was Guy Fawkes , he was from York. They want to put bomb under the House of Lords . In addition, a man   was found in a small room in the cellar filled with barrels of gunpowder and fuses on the night of November 4th  calling himself John Johnson. He will be look after them , and he was number of conspirators; John Johnson’s real name was Guy Fawkes.
      
These days, on November 5th, chilgren all over England celebrate Guy Fawkes night by buliding huge bonfires and lighting fireworks.

   

Halloween celebration

It is an annual celebration from 2000 years ago, before Christianity, in the past was celebrated by the tribes of Gaul and was intended to reflect on life and death, they also look to the date of 31 October and is the date of the celebration of every year as if section halves the year like light and darkness.

The tribes of Celtic called Halloween, it was Samhain, represents the final harvest for farmers, so the celebration on Oct. 31 the purpose and means of correlation between the human and the Earth. In addition, to the belief that the night of 31 October that the ghosts of the dead were able to mingle with the living, also after   Christian come, it was a ceremony at Celtic is a combination between the old practices of  Catholic Romanian ancient popular traditions and religious rituals, and   31 of October is the line between autumn and winter, a time of celebration and  wore fashion to ward off ghosts, also the celebration to appease the gods and to ensure that the sun would rise up again, among the things that  people used in the ceremony is the Lanterns of the pumpkin and the game pick up apples by mouth, it was old  Romans habit because the Romans who ruled most of the land of Celtic, and therefore mixing the Roman festival honoring Pomona a god of the Romans, the apple trees is the symbol of Pomona with the traditional Celtic celebration of Samhain.

Start the celebration of Halloween in America with European immigrants in 1700 and Celtic Halloween traditions in 1840 by Irish immigrants.

Christianity came and concluded people from the worship of idols, and believing spirits and ghosts, but at present the goal of the celebration is to increase sales in markets and shops of the total increase in profits, including companies producing and advertising companies and advertising.

Tthe European Union ( EU )

The idea of the European Union came after World War  to stop the war between the European countries.  European Union  create a  strong economic and political institution. Union was in the beginning of the six countries: (West Germany, France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg and Italy). In 1950 Britain did not join  EU because it has strong relationships with the Commonwealth and the United States of America,  British people also feared the loss of identity and independence in the EU . Now the EU membership includes 27 countries. Also, there are four countries who  want to join the EU, namely, (Croatia, Macedonia, Turkey, Iceland ).  European single currency is the euro. Number of countries which are the euro as  its currency of 16 countries: (Belgium, Germany, Ireland, Greece, Spain, France, Italy, Cyprus, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Australia, Portugal, Slovenia, Slovakia and Finland. The Parliament of EU based in Brussels .

                                  

The Four Nations In The UK

Queen Elizabeth is queen the United Kingdom that is containing four nations: England, wales, Scotland, Ireland, for these nations they have only one government for the whole of Britain, and people have the same passport .however. there are some difference between four nation , for each nation there are distinguish for other nations .

Firstly , England , has different flag symbol to St george’s cross .In addition, there is special plant in England is rose , and patron saint is St George  .moreover, saint’s day is 23 April , the most common names that are start with Smith , in addition , characteristic which are well known in Britain for  instance .

Secondly. Wales has different flag ; Dragon is symbol of Wales’s flag .In addition, there is a famous plant in Wales is Daffodil , and special saint’s day is 01 of March, moreover, patron saint in Wales is St David , next, characteristics in Wales  are renowned for their   singing ability, and the most common names are prefix Evans. 

 

 Next, St Andrew’s cross is symbol of Scotland’s flag. In addition, flora thistle is famous in Scotland. Next, saint’s day in Scotland is 30th of November. Moreover, the patron saint is St Andrew. In addition, characteristic in Scotland have a reputation for being careful with money, and the common names in Scotland are prefix Mac.

Finally, Republic of Ireland has flag symbolizes to St Patrick’s cross. In addition, shamrock is the national symbol of Ireland. Moreover, the saint’s day in Republic of Ireland is 17th of March. Next, the patron saint in Republic of Ireland is St Patrick. In addition, characteristic in Republic of Ireland are talking, and the most common names the prefix O.

queen victoria

victoria was only daughter of Prince Edward ;he is the fourth son of King George, Duke of Kent, he is of German descent came from Hanover, and Queen Victoria was born at Buckingham Palace in London on 24th May1819, and her father died eight months after her birth.

Queen Victoria did not go to the school. However. she learnt at home,Victoria learnt different languages like German , English, French and Hindustani because she was the control of India, and learnt to play the piano , painting also.

Victoria was come to the throne, when she was 18 years old in 20th June1837.In addition, her coronation ceremony was  after a year on 28th June1838,she was the sole heir to the throne after the death of her uncle William ;he did not has any children, so   Victoria is Queen of Britain and Ireland in the period (1837 to 1901 ) and this period is the longest in the history of the kings of the UK , therefore it was called the Victorian era, Queen Victoria also controled India in the period (1876-1901).

Queen Victoria was married at the age of 21 years of German cousin Prince Albert on 10th February 1840; gave birth to nine children, most of them married in the families of the owner in Europe.

                                                                          

Prince Albert died at age 42 in 1861 ,so Queen Victoria wore the black of mourning for the death of her husband to end her life.

 Queen Victoria was died on 22 January 1901.

http://www.woodlands-junior.kent.sch.uk/Homework/victorians/victoria.htm#1